大流行病疫情和疫后恢复工作相关的妇女权利和性别平等
1.根据委员会2020年4月22日印发的关于《公约》缔约国在冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行背景下的义务的指导说明，请说明缔约国采取了哪些措施：纠正长期存在的男女不平等现象，并根据可持续发展目标，通过将妇女置于恢复工作的中心，并以此作为可持续变革的一项战略优先事项，为执行性别平等注入新的动力；满足妇女和女童(包括属于弱势和边缘群体的妇女和女童，以及冲突局势中或其他人道主义紧急情况下的妇女)的需要并维护她们的权利；确保在实施部分或全部封锁措施的背景下，以及在危机后恢复计划中，妇女和女童不会陷入陈规定型的性别角色。请说明采取了哪些措施，以确保所有COVID-19危机应对和恢复努力：有效解决并旨在防止针对妇女和女童的性别暴力；保障妇女和女童平等参与政治和公共生活、决策、经济赋权和提供服务，特别是参与设计和执行恢复方案；目的是让妇女和女童平等地受益于旨在减轻这一流行病的社会经济影响的一揽子刺激计划，包括为无酬照护角色提供财政支持。请解释缔约国如何确保为遏制这一流行病而采取的措施(如限制行动自由或保持身体距离)不会限制妇女和女童，包括属于弱势和边缘群体的妇女和女童，获得司法、庇护所、教育、就业和保健，包括性健康和生殖健康服务。
立法框架
2.报告第16段 指出，立法没有“对妇女的歧视”专门定义。请告知委员会采取了哪些具体行动，根据《公约》第一条，在国家立法中通过对妇女的歧视的全面定义，以保护妇女，特别是少数民族(维吾尔族)妇女免受直接和间接歧视。请提供资料，说明禁止对妇女的直接和间接歧视的单行立法。请告知委员会有关当局根据每项单行法律处理的歧视妇女案件的数量。请提供资料，说明法规政策性别平等审查机制(第17段)和省级法规政策性别平等评估机制(第18和28段)开展的主要活动。
数据收集
3.请提供资料，说明采取了哪些措施收集、分享和传播按性别分列的数据，以评估性别平等和妇女权利方面的政策和方案的影响力和有效性。请告知委员会，新的第十四个五年发展规划是否包括按性别、年龄和残疾状况分列的促进性别平等的数据。
国家人权机构
4.请提供资料，说明采取了哪些措施，根据委员会先前的建议，依照《关于促进和保护人权的国家机构的地位的原则》(《巴黎原则》)设立中国和中国澳门促进和保护人权的独立的人权机构。
提高妇女地位国家机构
5.请告知委员会，2019年1月成立的国务院妇女儿童工作委员会办公室(第30段)是否有对法律进行性别影响评估和执行性别平等政策的任务授权。请提供资料，说明国务院妇儿工委办与民间社会之间的合作，包括在2016年《中国妇女发展纲要(2011-2020年)》中期评估期间的合作。请提供资料，说明已采取或计划采取哪些措施，来建立落实结论性意见的机制，同时考虑到国家报告和后续行动机制的四个关键能力：参与、协调、协商和信息管理。
暂行特别措施
6.第36段指出，2015年修订的《全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会选举法》规定：“全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会的代表……应当有适当数量的妇女代表，并逐步提高女代表比例”。请告知委员会为界定妇女的适当代表性而采取的措施以及实现这一代表性的时间表。另请告知委员会，《村民委员会组织法》第二十五条关于妇女“应当占村民代表会议组成人员的三分之一以上”的规定在全国范围内的实践中得到了多大程度的落实，是否有设定时限目标的实施计划。关于中国香港，请告知委员会为加快妇女担任各级决策职务而采取的措施。
陈规定型观念和有害习俗
7.请告知委员会为定期监测、审查和评估消除性别陈规定型观念努力的影响而采取的措施，以及负责落实这些措施的政府实体。第44段指出，为了遏制出生人口性别比日益失衡这一使女童处于不利地位的趋势，“开展全国专项行动，依法处理涉案单位及责任人。”请告知委员会，这些措施如何考虑到妇女权利，而不会导致对妇女的进一步虐待和歧视。
基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为
8.关于第21和22段，请提供资料，说明报告的暴力侵害妇女案件数量，包括家庭暴力和性暴力案件数量，以及按罪行分列的被起诉和惩罚的罪犯数量。请澄清第23段提到的家事审判改革如何有效保护妇女权利，并确保刑事立法适用于针对妇女的家庭暴力案件。第46段指出，“截至2018年底，全国法院共发出3 718份人身安全保护令，有效遏制了家庭暴力的发生”。请提供最新资料，说明向法院申请保护令的数量。请提供资料，说明是否为地方一级遭受暴力侵害的妇女提供了足够并有适当设施的庇护所。关于中国澳门，请提供资料，说明在调查暴力侵害妇女案件以及起诉和惩罚肇事者时采取了哪些措施来解决证据不足的问题。关于中国香港，请提供资料，说明有关性犯罪立法的审查情况，包括审查强奸的定义，以使符合国际标准。请提供详细资料，说明妇女对警察在拘禁期间实施性暴力，包括强奸、过度使用武力和虐待的投诉情况。这些数据应该包括报告和调查的案件数目、起诉的肇事者数目和实施的制裁。另请告知委员会为保证投诉警察课和独立监察警方处理投诉委员会的独立性和有效性而采取的措施。
贩运人口和利用卖淫营利
9.请提供关于缔约国全国境内贩运人口发案率的最新资料。请提供按性别和年龄分列的关于贩运妇女和女童的数据，包括受害者人数、被调查的案件、被起诉的罪犯、实施的制裁以及向受害者提供的援助，包括庇护所和康复服务。请告知委员会《中国反对拐卖人口行动计划(2013-2020年)》关于妇女和女童的主要成果(第53段)。关于第56段，请提供资料，说明接受为被拐卖人员提供法律援助、心理疏导以及救助安置的妇女和女童人数。请告知委员会采取了哪些措施，向被判处劳教的卖淫妇女提供赔偿，并废除收容教育办法，以避免任意羁押卖淫妇女。
10.关于中国香港，报告指出，缔约国没有计划把《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》适用范围延伸至中国香港(CEDAW/C/CHN-HKG/9，第49段)。请提供资料，说明采取了哪些措施，向被拐妇女和女童提供适当保护和补偿。另请提供资料，说明采取了哪些措施，以便：解决贩运妇女和女童问题的根源；开展一项综合研究，以收集有关此类贩运活动的规模和形式的数据；通过全面打击贩运活动的立法。另请提供资料，说明采取了哪些措施，来保护卖淫妇女免受嫖客虐待、剥削和暴力侵害，并提供从良的出路计划。
参与政治和公共生活
11.提供的数据表明，包括少数民族妇女和残疾妇女在内的妇女在中央和地方各级的立法机构、决策职位和公共机构中所占比例仍然过低(第60-61、63和65段)。请告知委员会采取了哪些措施，以便加快妇女全面而且平等地参加各类选举产生的和经过任命的机构，包括担任各级决策职务。请提供资料，说明对以独立候选人身份参选的妇女受到暴力侵害和虐待的案件进行的调查，以及对犯罪分子的起诉和惩罚情况。
12.关于中国香港，请提供资料，说明为加快提高妇女在政治上的代表权所采取的措施。另请提供资料，说明采取了哪些措施，保护妇女和女童在参加和平示威时，特别是在2019年抗议期间，免受暴力和骚扰。
妇女人权维护者和妇女非政府组织
13.请提供资料说明：采取了哪些措施，以确保妇女人权维护者可以在不担心遭到报复的情况下向委员会提供信息；对关于国家检查非政府组织向委员会递交的报告的指控的调查情况；采取了哪些措施使非政府组织无须赞助即可直接办理登记。
教育
14.第75段指出，采取了特别措施着力避免农村女童义务教育阶段辍学。请提供最新数据，说明农村地区女童(包括进城务工人员的女童)以及藏族和维吾尔族女童的义务教育完成率。另请提供资料，说明向不会讲汉语的学生提供母语教育的情况。请告知委员会为增加妇女参加政府补贴性职业培训人数而采取的措施，根据报告第80段，这一比例为39.92%。请提供数据，说明残疾女童和妇女接受教育的百分比，数据按教育水平以及教育是分开的教育还是全纳教育分列。请告知委员会采取了哪些措施，确保新疆维吾尔自治区的双语教育保障维吾尔族女童接受母语教学以及了解其文化和宗教的权利。请提供资料，说明和田地区学校、喀什一所学校和阿克苏柯坪县禁止使用维吾尔语的情况。
15.关于中国香港，请提供资料，说明在学校就读的女童和妇女的百分比，按年份和学校是公营普通学校还是特殊学校分列。
就业
16.请告知委员会采取了哪些措施，通过立法执行同工同酬原则，以缩小男女薪酬差距。请提供资料，说明为统一男女退休年龄和确保男女平等地领取养老金所做的工作。请澄清《关于进一步规范招聘行为促进妇女就业的通知》(第92段)是否规定了雇主对工作场所性骚扰的责任。请告知委员会，2020年5月通过的《民法典》是否为执行打击职场性骚扰和保护女性受害者的规定提供了明确的指引。请说明《通知》如何处理与孕产有关的就业性别歧视问题。请具体说明妇女禁忌从事哪些工作(第91段)以及第93段提到的计划生育要求是什么。根据委员会收到的资料，妇女承担过多的家务劳动，这影响了她们的经济参与。请告知委员会为解决这种不平衡所采取的措施。请提供资料，说明采取了哪些措施，对关于维吾尔族妇女从事强迫劳动的报告开展独立调查，特别是针对纺织、服装生产和棉花采摘行业的情况。根据委员会收到的资料，只有与家政服务公司有劳动合同的家政工人才受到1994年《劳动法》的保护。由于90%的家政工人没有此类合同，而妇女占家政工人的96%，请告知委员会女性家政工人的劳动权利如何得到保障。
17.关于中国香港，请提供资料，说明关于增加法定产假(CEDAW/C/CHN-HKG/9，第89段)以及拟议将法定侍产假的日数增至五天的审查结果(同上，第91段)。请提供资料说明劳工处专责外佣科的工作(同上，第113段)。
健康
18.请提供资料，说明采取了哪些措施，向所有妇女提供免费、友好和保密的计划生育措施，而不论其婚姻状况和年龄如何，并说明采取了哪些措施在学校提供全面的性健康和生殖健康教育。另请提供资料，说明为保护和促进维吾尔族妇女的性健康和生殖健康权利(包括自由决定其生育子女数量的权利)而采取的非强制性措施，以及为调查据指控的新疆维吾尔自治区强制计划生育做法的报告而采取的措施。请提供最新资料，说明过去三年携带艾滋病毒的妇女人数(按年分列)，以及为消除保健机构对这些妇女的制度性歧视而采取的措施。请提供资料，说明为废除强迫堕胎和强迫绝育等非法做法而采取的措施。
农村妇女
19.根据委员会收到的资料，在农村地区，特别是在中国北方，有很大比例的妇女没有承包地或宅基地权利。请提供这方面的最新资料。请告知委员会，乡镇政府宣布村民会议作出的侵犯妇女权利的决定无效的情况有多少次，或者有多少其他可用于对村民会议的规定进行审查或投诉的机制。请提供资料，说明采取了哪些具体行动，根据委员会关于气候变化背景下减少灾害风险所涉性别方面的第37号一般性建议(2018年)，促进妇女参与制定和执行关于气候变化和减少灾害风险的国家政策。
女同性恋、双性恋、变性者和跨性别妇女
20.请提供资料，说明采取了哪些措施，消除在就业和教育以及在获得保健服务方面对女同性恋、双性恋、变性者和跨性别妇女的歧视。
婚姻和家庭关系
21.根据委员会收到的资料，大约四分之一的土地证没有包括妇女的名字，尽管关于土地所有权和登记的政策明确要求这样做。此外，在农户中，只有很小一部分妇女登记为户主。随着农业部颁发土地证的工作接近尾声，请提供资料，说明为确保农村妇女的土地权得到有效承认可采取或计划采取的措施。关于中国香港以及将最低结婚年龄提高到18岁的建议，请提供资料，说明2018年6月透过家庭议会委聘机构进行研究的结果(CEDAW/C/CHN-HKG/9，第163段)。
被拘禁的妇女
22.请告知委员会采取了哪些措施减少被拘禁的妇女人数，包括法外羁押设施和所谓的“再教育”营中的妇女人数，并处理侵害这些妇女的性别暴力和酷刑问题。请提供按年龄、族裔、设施类型、拘禁原因和拘禁时间分列的被拘禁妇女的数据。请提供资料，说明采取了哪些措施，以按照《联合国女性囚犯待遇和女性罪犯非监禁措施规则》(《曼谷规则》)，确保逮捕或拘禁尊重法律程序。
List of issues and questions in relation to the ninth periodic report of China *
Women’s rights and gender equality in relation to the pandemic and recovery efforts
1.In line with the Committee’s guidance note on the obligations of States parties to the Convention in the context of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, issued on 22 April 2020, please indicate the measures implemented by the State party: to redress long-standing inequalities between women and men and to give a new impetus to the implementation of gender equality by placing women at the centre of recovery as a strategic priority for sustainable change, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals; to meet the needs and uphold the rights of women and girls, including those belonging to disadvantaged and marginalized groups and women in situations of conflict or other humanitarian emergencies; and to ensure that, in the context of lockdown measures, whether partial or total, and in post-crisis recovery plans, women and girls are not relegated to stereotypical gender roles. Please indicate the measures in place to ensure that all COVID-19 crisis response and recovery efforts: effectively address and are aimed at preventing gender-based violence against women and girls; guarantee the equal participation of women and girls in political and public life, decision-making, economic empowerment and service delivery, particularly in the design and implementation of recovery programmes; and are designed so that women and girls benefit equally from stimulus packages, including financial support for unpaid care roles, that are aimed at mitigating the socioeconomic impact of the pandemic. Please explain how the State party is ensuring that measures taken to contain the pandemic, such as restrictions on freedom of movement or physical distancing, do not limit the access of women and girls, including those belonging to disadvantaged and marginalized groups, to justice, shelters, education, employment and health care, including sexual and reproductive health services.
Legislative framework
2.It is stated in paragraph 16 of the report that discrimination against women is still not specifically defined in legislation. Please inform the Committee about specific action taken to adopt a comprehensive definition of discrimination against women in national legislation in order to protect women, in particular ethnic minority (Uighur) women, from both direct and indirect discrimination, in line with article 1 of the Convention. Please provide information about the separate legislation that prohibits direct and indirect discrimination against women. Please inform the Committee of the number of cases of discrimination against women addressed by the relevant authorities under each of those individual laws. Please provide information on the main activities undertaken by the mechanism established for gender equality-based review of laws and policies (para. 17) and by the provincial mechanisms for a gender equality-based evaluation of regulations and policies (paras. 18 and 28).
Data collection
3.Please provide information on the measures taken to collect, share and disseminate sex-disaggregated data in order to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of policies and programmes in terms of gender equality and women’s rights. Please inform the Committee whether the new fourteenth five-year development plan includes gender-responsive data disaggregated by sex, age and disability.
National human rights institution
4.Please provide information on the measures taken to establish an independent human rights institution for China and Macao, China, to promote and protect human rights in accordance with the principles relating to the status of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights (the Paris Principles), as previously recommended by the Committee.
National machinery for the advancement of women
5.Please inform the Committee whether the National Working Committee on Children and Women, established in January 2019 (para. 30), has a mandate to conduct gender-impact assessments of laws and implement gender equality policies. Please provide information on cooperation between the Working Committee and civil society, including during the 2016 midterm evaluation of the Programme for the Development of Chinese Women (2011–2020). Please provide information on the measures taken or envisaged to establish a mechanism for the implementation of concluding observations, taking into account the four key capacities of a national mechanism for reporting and follow-up: engagement, coordination, consultation and information management.
Temporary special measures
6.It is indicated in paragraph 36 that the Electoral Law of the National People’s Congress and Local People’s Congresses, as revised in 2015, stipulates that “deputies shall comprise an appropriate number of women, who shall account for an increasingly larger percentage”. Please inform the Committee about measures taken to define the appropriate representation of women and the timeline for achieving such representation. Please also inform the Committee about the extent to which article 25 of the Organic Law of the Villagers’ Committees, stipulating that women “shall constitute no less than one third of the membership of the villagers’ assembly”, is implemented in practice throughout the country and whether there is an implementation plan with time-bound targets. Regarding Hong Kong, China, please inform the Committee about the measures taken to accelerate the representation of women in decision-making positions at all levels.
Stereotypes and harmful practices
7.Please inform the Committee about the measures taken to regularly monitor, review and assess the impact of the efforts made to eliminate gender stereotypes, and about the government entity responsible for those measures. It is stated in paragraph44 that, in order to curb the increasing imbalance in the sex ratio at birth to the disadvantage of girls, “countrywide special operations have been conducted to hold entities and individuals involved in these practices accountable in accordance with the law”. Please inform the Committee how these measures take women’s rights into consideration and do not result in further abuse and discrimination against women.
Gender-based violence against women
8.In relation to paragraphs 21 and 22, please provide information on the number of reported cases of violence against women, including domestic and sexual violence, and the number of offenders prosecuted and punished, disaggregated by offence. Please clarify how the reform of family trials referred to in paragraph 23 effectively protects women’s rights and ensures that criminal legislation is applied to cases of domestic violence against women. It is stated in paragraph 46 that, “by the end of 2018, courts in China had issued 3,718 restraining orders, effectively curbing the occurrence of domestic violence”. Please provide updated information on the number of protective orders requested from the courts. Please provide information about the availability of sufficient and adequately equipped shelters for women who are victims of violence at the local level. In relation to Macao, China, please provide information about the measures taken to address the lack of evidence when investigating cases of violence against women, as well as when prosecuting and punishing perpetrators. Regarding Hong Kong, China, please provide information on the review of legislation on sexual offences, including the definition of rape, to align it with international standards. Please provide detailed information about the status of the complaints filed by women against police officers for sexual violence, including rape, excessive use of force and abuses while in detention. The data should include the number of cases reported and investigated, the number of perpetrators prosecuted and the sanctions applied. Please also inform the Committee about the measures in place to guarantee the independence and effectiveness of the Complaints against Police Office and the Independent Police Complaint Council.
Trafficking and exploitation of prostitution
9.Please provide updated information on the prevalence of trafficking in persons throughout the territory of the State party. Please provide data, disaggregated by sex and age, on trafficking in women and girls, including with regard to the number of victims, cases investigated, offenders prosecuted, sanctions issued and assistance, including shelters and rehabilitation services, provided to victims. Please inform the Committee about the main results concerning women and girls of the action plan for combating trafficking in persons (2013–2020) (para. 53). In relation to paragraph 56, please provide information on the number of women and girls who received legal aid and psychological counselling for victims of trafficking and assistance and reintegration services. Please inform the Committee about the measures taken to provide compensation to women in prostitution who were subjected to re-education through labour and to abolish the custody and education programme to avoid the arbitrary detention of women in prostitution.
10.Regarding Hong Kong, China, it is stated that the State party does not plan to extend the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime to Hong Kong, China (CEDAW/C/CHN-HKG/9, para. 49). Please provide information on the measures taken to provide adequate protection and redress to women and girls who are victims of trafficking. Please also provide information on the measures taken to address the root causes of trafficking in women and girls, to undertake a comprehensive study with a view to collecting data on the extent and forms of such trafficking and to adopt comprehensive anti‑trafficking legislation. Please also provide information on the measures taken to protect women in prostitution from abuse, exploitation and violence by clients and to make exit programmes available.
Participation in political and public life
11.The data provided indicate that women, including women from ethnic minorities and women with disabilities, remain seriously underrepresented in legislative bodies, decision-making positions and public institutions at both the central and local levels (paras. 60–61, 63 and 65). Please inform the Committee about the measures taken to accelerate women’s full and equal participation in elected and appointed bodies, including in decision-making positions at all levels. Please provide information about the investigations conducted into cases of violence and abuse against women who stand for election as independent candidates, and about the prosecution and punishment of perpetrators.
12.Regarding Hong Kong, China, please provide information on the measures taken to expedite the representation of women in politics. Please also provide information on the measures taken to protect women and girls from violence and harassment when participating in peaceful demonstrations, particularly during the protests in 2019.
Women human rights defenders and women’s non-governmental organizations
13.Please provide information about the measures taken to ensure that women human rights defenders may provide information to the Committee without fear of reprisals, the investigation into allegations of State censorship of reports submitted by non-governmental organizations to the Committee and the measures taken to enable direct registration of non-governmental organizations without sponsorship.
Education
14.It is stated in paragraph 75 that special measures were taken to prevent rural girls from dropping out of compulsory education. Please provide updated data on the rate of completion of compulsory education for girls living in rural areas, including girls whose parents migrated to urban areas, and for Tibetan and Uighur girls. Please also provide information on the provision of mother tongue education to non-Chinese-speaking students. Please inform the Committee about measures taken to increase the participation of women in government-subsidized vocational training, which according to paragraph 80 of the report stands at 39.92 per cent. Please provide data on the percentage of girls and women with disabilities with access to education, disaggregated by level of education and by whether the education is separate or inclusive. Please inform the Committee about measures taken to ensure that bilingual education in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region guarantees the right of Uighur girls to be taught in their mother tongue and to learn about their culture and religion. Please provide information about the ban on the use of the Uighur language in schools in Hotan Prefecture, in a school in Kashgar and in Kalpin County in Aksu.
15.Regarding Hong Kong, China, please provide information on the percentage of girls and women in schools, disaggregated by year and by whether the schools are public sector ordinary schools or special schools.
Employment
16.Please inform the Committee about the measures taken to adopt legislation enforcing the principle of equal pay for work of equal value in order to reduce the gender pay gap. Please provide information on efforts made to equalize the retirement age between men and women and ensure equality with regard to old-age pensions. Please clarify whether the Circular on Further Regulating Recruitment Practices to Promote Women’s Employment (para. 92) establishes employer liability for sexual harassment in the workplace. Please inform the Committee whether the Civil Code, adopted in May 2020, provides clear guidelines for the implementation of the provisions to combat sexual harassment at work and protect women victims. Please indicate how the Circular addresses maternity-related gender discrimination in employment. Please specify what work is prohibited for women (para. 91) and what the family planning requirements mentioned in paragraph 93 are. According to information before the Committee, women disproportionately carry out housework, which affects their economic participation. Please inform the Committee about measures taken to address this imbalance. Please provide information on measures taken to independently investigate reports of forced labour among Uighur women, particularly in the textile, apparel production and cotton-picking industries. According to information before the Committee, only domestic workers who have labour contracts with domestic service companies are protected under the Labour Law of 1994. As 90 per cent of domestic workers do not have such contracts and women account for 96 per cent of domestic workers, please inform the Committee how the labour rights of women domestic workers are protected.
17.Regarding Hong Kong, China, please provide information on the results of the review on improving statutory maternity leave (CEDAW/C/CHN-HKG/9, para. 89) and on the proposed increase of statutory paternity leave to five days (ibid., para. 91). Please provide information about the work of the Labour Department Division dedicated to foreign domestic helpers (ibid., para. 113).
Health
18.Please provide information on the measures taken to provide free, friendly and confidential family-planning measures to all women, regardless of their marital status and age, and on the measures taken to provide comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education in schools. Please also provide information about non-coercive measures taken to protect and promote the sexual and reproductive health rights of Uighur women, including the right to freely decide on the number of children that they have, and about measures taken to investigate the reports of alleged coercive family planning practices in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region. Please provide updated information on the number of women living with HIV for the past three years, disaggregated by year, and on the measures taken to eliminate institutional discrimination in relation to those women in health-care settings. Please provide information about the measures taken to abolish illegal practices such as forced abortion and forced sterilization.
Rural women
19.According to information before the Committee, a high proportion of women in rural areas, particularly in northern China, do not have contracted land or homestead rights. Please provide updated information in this regard. Please inform the Committee about the number of instances in which the township-level government has annulled a decision by the villagers’ assembly that violated women’s rights, or of any other mechanism available for reviewing or appealing against the rules of villagers’ assemblies. Please provide information about specific action taken to promote women’s participation in the design and implementation of national policies on climate change and disaster risk reduction, in line with the Committee’s general recommendation No. 37 (2018) on the gender-related dimensions of disaster risk reduction in the context of climate change.
Lesbian, bisexual, transsexual and transgender women
20.Please provide information about the measures taken to combat discrimination against lesbian, bisexual, transsexual and transgender women in employment and education and in terms of access to health-care services.
Marriage and family relations
21.According to information before the Committee, about a quarter of land certificates do not include women’s names, even though the policies on land titling and registration explicitly require such inclusion. In addition, only a very small percentage of women in farming households are registered as household representatives. As the issuance of land certificates by the Ministry of Agriculture approaches its end, please provide information on measures available or envisaged to ensure that rural women’s right to land is effectively recognized. Regarding Hong Kong, China, and the recommendation to raise the minimum age of marriage to 18 years, please provide information on the results of the study commissioned through the Family Council in June 2018 (CEDAW/C/CHN-HKG/9, para. 163).
Women in detention
22.Please inform the Committee about measures taken to reduce the number of women in detention, including in extralegal detention facilities and so-called “re‑education” camps, and to address gender-based violence and torture against those women. Please provide data on women in detention disaggregated by age, ethnic origin, type of facility, reason for detention and length of detention. Please provide information on measures taken to ensure respect for legal procedures in case of arrest or detention, in line with the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules).
消息来源：
2.https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsoVqDbaslinb8oXgzpEhiviiCl1tKr9%2BCjkRJ10RU3clvdWnqxfKYdcyG%2FmzKmF7VX1B6LjckO4n1w6VkzeEZ2QOC8jccy3Ugybc6lnUrA3p