为筹备1993年世界人权会议,第四十六届联合国大会通过第46/116号决议,决定召开区域筹备会议。按照这项决议,亚洲各国的部长和代表于1993年3月29日至4月2日在曼谷举行会议。会议通过了本宣言。
宣言共30条。它重申了亚洲国家坚决支持《联合国宪章》和《世界人权宣言》所载的各项原则和支持在全世界充分实现所有人权的承诺;强调必须创造有利条件以便在国家和国际各级切实享有人权。承认人权具有普遍性,同时确认各国和各区域有其特点和不同历史、文化与宗教背景,应当根据国际准则不断重订的过程来看待人权,必须避免在实施人权过程中采用双重标准,避免将人权政治化。
宣言重申了亚洲国家关于经济、社会、文化、公民和政治权利互相依存和不可分割,主张以综合、均衡的方式处理民主、普遍享有所有人权和社会正义之间的相互关系。宣言对于妇女的平等权利、儿童享有特别保护的权利,民族、种族、宗教和语言方面的少数人,移徙工人,残疾人,土著居民,难民和流离失所者等易受损害群体的人权和基本自由表示了特别关注,强调必须加以促进和保障,宣言还着重论述厂亚洲国家关于自决权、发展权和人类享有干净、安全和健康的环境权的立场。宣言指出,人民自决是一项国际法原则,也是一项联合国承认的普遍权利。基于这项权利,处在外国或殖民统治和外国占领下的人民能自由地决定他们的政治地位,自由地谋求他们的经济、社会和文化发展。不让这些人民享有自决权就构成对于人权的严重侵犯。宣言强调,自决权只适用于外国或殖民统治和外国占领下的人民,而不应用来破坏领土完整、国家主权和政治独立。宣言重申发展权是一项普遍的、不可剥夺的权利,是基本人权的组成部分,强调必须通过国际合作、尊重所有基本人权、设立监测机制和创造必要的国际条件等途径,促进发展权的实现。宣言认为,贫困和造成南北之间与贫富之间的差距日益扩大的国际宏观层资助是妨害实现发展权和妨害充分享有人权的主要障碍,强调建立国际人权统一规范的工作必须与建立公正和公平的世界经济秩序的工作齐头并进。
宣言对于种族歧视、种族主义、种族隔离、殖民主义、外国侵略和占领、在被占领土建立非法居民点,以及新纳粹主义、排外心态和种族清洗等侵犯人权的种种形式表示关切,强调有必要采取有效的国际措施,以保证和监督人权标准的执行,对外国占领下的人民提供有效的法律保护。宣言认为恐怖主义与殖民或外国统治和外国占领下的人民的合法斗争不同,是对享有人权和民主的最危险的威胁,并且威胁到各国的领土完整和安全,破坏合法成立的政府的稳定,国际社会必须毫不含糊地加以谴责。
宣言认为,国家负有主要责任通过适当基础设施和机制以促进和保护人权;在人权遭到侵犯的情况下,必须主要通过这种机制和程序给予救济。宣言欢迎国家机构促进人权方面发挥的重要作用,认为这种机构的构想和建立最好由有关国家自己来决定。宣言也承认政府和非政府组织在共同的价值观以及相互尊重和谅解的基础上在促进人权方面进行合作和对话的重要性,鼓励在联合国经济及社会理事会有咨商地位的非政府组织按照该理事会第1296号决议对这一过程积极地作出贡献。宣言强调应进一步鼓励所有国家批准国际人权文书,尤其是《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》及《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》。宣言肯定将普遍遵守和促进人权问题置于国际合作范畴的正确性,并表示有必要探讨是否可能在亚洲设立关于促进和保护人权的区域安排。
宣言对完善联合国人权保护机制和在人权保护国际合作中应予坚持的原则等问题给予了很大注意,强调迫切需要根据平等和相互尊重的原则使联合国系统民主化,消除实施人权中的选择性,和改善联合国的程序与机制。宣言特别反对通过对抗和将不相容的价值观强加与人的实践,主张通过合作和协商一致的方式,确保采用积极、均衡和非对抗性的办法来促进人权。宣言强调尊重国家主权和领土完整、不干涉他国内政以及不利用人权作为施加政治压力的手段等原则,重申国家不分大小,都有决定其政治制度,控制和自由利用其资源,自由谋求其经济、社会和文化发展的权利,并表示不赞成任何人利用人权作为提供发展援助的条件。宣言呼吁在联合国人权中心增加发展中国家的代表,强调必须使联合国人权保护机制合理化,避免各人权机构重复。
《曼谷宣言》是一项重要的区域性国际人权文书,它集中地、全面地反映了亚洲国家关于人权和人权的国际合作问题的立场和观点,对在维也纳召开的世界人权会议及其通过的《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》产生了积极影响。
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>> 宣言全文(中译本)
曼谷宣言(1993)
序言
强调世界人权会议的重大意义,它提供了一个可贵的机会,审查人权的一切方面,并确保对其采取公正和均衡的办法,
认识到亚洲国家以其多姿多彩的文化与传统能对世界会议做出的贡献,
欢迎国际社会越来越重视人权,
重申他们对于《联合国宪章》和《世界人权宣言》所载原则的承诺,
回顾《联合国宪章》正确地将普遍遵守和促进人权和基本自由问题置于国际合作的范畴,
注意到在编纂人权文书和建立国际人权机制方面的进展(但对这些机制主要限于一类人权表示关切),
强调应进一步鼓励所有国家批准国际人权文书,特别是《公民权利和政治权利国际盟约》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际盟约》(重申尊重国家主权、领士完整和不干涉他国内政等原则),
强调所有人权的普遍性、客观性和不可选择性,必须避免在实施人权时采用双重标准,并避免其政治化,
认识到促进人权应通过合作和协商一致的方式加以鼓励,而不是通过对抗和将不相容的价值观强加于人,
重申经济、社会、文化、公民和政治权利互相依存和不可分割,并重申发展、民主,普遍享有所有人权和社会正义之间固有的相互关系,对这种关系必须以综合、均衡的方式来处理,
回顾《发展权利宣言》确认发展权利是一项不可剥夺的普遍权利,是基本人权的组成部分,
强调从事建立国际人权统一规范的工作必须与建立公正和公平的世界经济秩序的工作齐头并进,
深信经济和社会的进步助长迈向民主的趋势和有助于人权的促进和保护,
强调必须在国家、区域和国际各级进行人权教育和培训,并需要国际合作,纠正公众对人权缺乏认识的情况,
第一条
重申其坚决支持《联合国宪章》和《世界人权宣言》所载的各项原则,支持在全世界充分实现所有人权;
第二条
强调必须创造有利条件以便在国家和国际各级切实享有人权;
第三条
强调迫切需要根据平等和互相尊重的原则,使联合国系统民主化,消除选择性和改善程序和机制,以便加强国际合作,并在解决及实现人权的所有方面确保采用积极、均衡和非对抗性的办法;
第四条
不赞成任何人利用人权作为提供发展援助的条件;
第五条
强调尊重国家主权和领士完整、不干涉他国内政、以及不利用人权作为施加政治压力的手段等原则;
第六条
重申(国家不论大小,都有权决定它们的政治制度,控制和自由利用其资源,并自由谋求其经济、社会和文化发展);
第七条
强调所有人权的普遍性、客观性和不可选择性,必须避免在实施人权时采取双重标准,避免其政治化,并不得以任何理由侵犯人权;
第八条
认为(尽管人权具有普遍性,但应铭记各国和各区域的情况各有特点,并有不同的历史、文化和宗教背景,应根据国际准则不断重订的过程来看待人权);
第九条
又认为国家负有主要责任,通过适当基础设施和机制来促进和保护人权,并认为必须主要通过这种机制和程序来寻求和给予补救;
第十条
重申经济、社会、文化、公民和政治权利互相依存和不可分割,并必须对所有类别的人权给予同等重视;
第十一条
强调必须保障诸如族群、民族、种族、宗教和语言方面的少数人、移徙工人、残疾人、土著人民、难民和流离失所者等易受损害群体的人权和基本自由;
第十二条
重申在外国统治、殖民统治或外国占领下的人民自决是一项国际法原则,也是一项联合国承认的普遍权利,基于这项权利,他们能自由决定其政治地位和自由谋求经济、社会和文化发展,而不许自决则构成对人权的严重侵犯;
第十三条
强调自决权利适用于在外国统治、殖民统治或外国占领下的人民,而不应用来破坏各国的领士完整、国家主权和政治独立;
第十四条
对一切侵犯人权的形式表示关切,包括种族歧视、种族主义、种族隔离、殖民主义、外国侵略和占领及在被占领土建立非法居民点等现象,以及最近卷土重来的新纳粹主义、排外心态和种族清洗;
第十五条
强调有必要采取有效的国际措施,以便保证和监督人权标准的执行以及对外国占领下的人民提供有效的法律保护;
第十六条
强烈申明支持巴勒斯坦人民为恢复其民族不可剥夺的自决权利和独立而进行的合法斗争,并要求立即终止在巴勒斯坦、叙利亚戈兰和其他被占领阿拉伯领土、包括在耶路撒冷的严重侵犯人权行为;
第十七条
重申《发展权利宣言》中确立的发展权利是一项普遍、不可剥夺的权利,是基本人权的组成部分,必须通过国际合作、尊重所有基本人权、设立监测机制和为实现此种权利创造必要的国际条件等途径,促其实现;
第十八条
确认鉴于南北之间与贫富之间的差距日益扩大,实现发展权利的主要障碍存在于国际宏观经济层次;
第十九条
申明贫困是妨碍充分享有人权的一个主要障碍;
第二十条
又申明有必要发展人类享有干净、安全和健康的环境的权利;
第二十一条
注意到各种形式和表现的恐怖主义不同于在殖民统治、外国统治和外国占领下的人民的合法斗争,已成为对享有人权和民主最危险的一种威胁,威胁到各国的领士完整和国家安全,破坏合法成立的政府的稳定,国际社会必须毫不含糊地加以谴责;
第二十二条
重申保障平等参与一个社会的政治、社会、经济和文化活动,消除一切形式的歧视,以及消除基于性别差异对妇女使用暴力,从而坚决致力于促进和保护妇女权利;
第二十三条
确认儿童有权享受特别保护,并获得机会与设施,以健康正常的方式,在自由而尊严的条件下,在身体、心理、道德、精神和社会各方面发育成长;
第二十四条
欢迎国家机构对真正地、建设性地促进人权发挥了重要作用,并认为最好由有关国家自行决定这种机构的构想和建立;
第二十五条
承认政府与非政府组织基于共同价值及相互尊重和了解在促进人权方面进行合作与对话的重要性,并鼓励在经社理事会具有咨商地位的非政府组织按照经社理事会第1296(XLIV)号决议对这一进程积极作出贡献;
第二十六条
重申有必要探讨是否可能在亚洲设立关于促进和保护人权的区域安排;
第二十七条
又重申有必要研究如何取得国际合作和财政资源,支持国家一级在人权领域的教育和培训,并在国家提出要求时支持设立促进和保护人权的国家基础设施;
第二十八条
强调必须使联合国人权机制合理化,以便加强其效能和效力,必须避免各条约机关、防止歧视和保护少数小组委员会和人权委员会之间的工作发生重复,并必须避免平行机制叠床架屋;
第二十九条
强调必须加强人权中心,给予它必要的资源,使它能够及时而有效地在促进人权方面向提出请求的国家提供广泛咨询服务和技术援助方案,并使它能够在有关机构核准的人权领域为其他活动提供充足资金;
第三十条
呼吁发展中国家增加在联合国人权中心的代表性。
The Ministers and representatives of Asian States, meeting at Bangkok from 29 March to 2 April 1993, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 46/116 of 17 December 1991 in the context of preparations for the World Conference on Human Rights.
Adopts this Declaration to be known as “The Bangkok Declaration”, which contains the aspirations and commitments of the Asian region:
Bangkok Declaration, 1993
Emphasizing the significance of the World Conference on human Rights, which provides an invaluable opportunity to review all aspects of human rights and ensure a just and balanced approach thereto,
Recognizing the contribution that can be made to the World Conference by Asian countries with their diverse and rich cultures and traditions,
Welcoming the increased attention being paid to human right in the international community,
Reaffirming the commitment to principles contained in the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration on Human Rights,
Recalling that in the Charter of the United Nations the question of universal observance and promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms has been rightly placed within the context of international cooperation,
Noting the progress made in the codification of human rights instruments, and in the establishment of international human rights mechanisms, while expressing concern that these mechanisms relate mainly to one category of rights,
Emphasizing that ratification of international human rights instruments particularly the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economics, Social and Cultural Rights, by all States should be further encouraged,
Reaffirming the principles of respect for national sovereignty, territorial integrity and non-interference in the internal affairs of States,
Stressing the universality, objectivity and non-selectivity of all human rights and the need to avoid the application of double standards in the implementation of human rights and its politicization,
Recognizing that the promotion of human rights should be encouraged by cooperation and consensus, and not through confrontation and the imposition of incompatible values,
Reiterating the interdependence and indivisibility of economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights, and the inherent interrelationship between development, democracy, universal enjoyment of all human rights, and social justice, which must be addressed in an integrated and balanced manner,
Recalling that the Declaration on the Right to Development has recognized the right to development as a universal and inalienable right and an integral part of fundamental human rights,
Emphasizing that endeavors to move towards the creation of uniform international human rights norms must go hand in hand with endeavours to work towards a just and fair world economic order,
Convinced that economic and social progress facilitates the growing trend towards democracy and the promotion and protection of human rights,
Stressing the importance of education and training in human rights at the national, regional and international levels and the need for international cooperation aimed at overcoming the lack of public awareness of human rights,
1. Reaffirm their commitment to the principles contained in the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration on Human Rights as well as the full realization of all human rights throughout the world;
2. Underline the essential need to create favourable conditions for effective enjoyment of human rights at both the national and international levels;
3. Stress the urgent need to democratize the United Nations system, eliminate selectivity and improve procedures and mechanisms in order to strengthen international cooperation, based on principles of equality and mutual respect, and ensure a positive, balanced and non-confrontational approach in addressing and realizing all aspects of human rights;
4. Discourage any attempt to use human rights as conditionality for extending development assistance;
5. Emphasize the principles of respect for national sovereignty and territorial integrity as well as non-interference in the internal affairs of States, (and the non-use of human rights as an instrument of political pressure);
6. Reiterate that all countries, large and small, have the right to determine their political systems, control and freely utilize their resources, and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development;
7. Stress the universality, objectivity and non-selectivity of all human rights and the need to avoid the application of double standards in the implementation of human rights and its politicization, and that non-violation of human rights can be justified;
8. Recognize that while human rights are universal in nature, they must be considered in the context of a dynamic and evolving process of international norm-setting, bearing in mind the significance of national and regional particularities and various historical, cultural and religious backgrounds;
9. Recognize further that States have the primary responsibility for the promotion and protection of human rights through appropriate infrastructure and mechanisms, and also recognize that remedies must be sought and provided primarily through such mechanisms and procedures;
10. Reaffirm the interdependence and indivisibility of economic, social, cultural,civil and political rights and the need to give equal emphasis to all categories of human rights;
11. Emphasize the importance of guaranteeing the human rights and fundamental freedoms of vulnerable groups such as ethnic, national, racial, religious and linguistic minorities, migrant workers, disabled persons, indigenous peoples, refuges and displaced persons;
12. Reiterate that self-determination is a principle of international law and a universal right recognized by the United Nations for peoples under alien and colonial domination or foreign occupation, by virtue of which they can freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development, and that its denial constitutes a grave violation of human rights;
13. Stress that the right to self-determination is applicable to people under alien and colonial domination or foreign occupation, and should not be used to undermine the territorial integrity, nationalism, apartheid colonialism, and political independence of States;
14. Express concern over all forms of violation of human rights, including manifestation of racial discrimination, racism, apartheid colonialism, foreign aggression and occupation, and the establishment of illegal settlements in occupied territories, as well as the recent resurgence of neo-nazism, xenophobia and ethnic cleansing;
15. Underline the need for taking effective international measures in order to guarantee and monitor the implementation of human rights standards and effective and legal protection of people under foreign occupation;
16. Strongly affirm their support for the legitimate struggle of the Palestinian people to restore their national and inalienable rights to self- determination and independence, and demand an immediate end to the grave violations of human rights in the Palestinian, Golan and other occupied Arab territories including Jerusalem;
17. Reaffirm the right to development, as established in the Declaration on the Right to Development, as a universal and inalienable right and an integral part of fundamental human rights which must be realized through international cooperation, respect for fundamental human rights, the establishment of a monitoring mechanism and the creation of essential international conditions for the realization of such right;
18. Recognize that the main obstacle to the realization of the right to development lie at the international macroeconomic level, as reflected in the widening gap between the North and the South, the rich and the poor;
19. Affirm that poverty is one of the major obstacles hindering the full enjoyment of human rights;
20. Affirm also the need to develop the right of humankind regarding a clean, safe and healthy environment;
21. Note that terrorism, in all its form and manifestations, as distinguished from the legitimate struggle of peoples under colonial or alien domination or foreign occupation, has emerged as one of the most dangerous threats to the territorial integrity of States and destabilizing legitimately constituted governments, and that it must be unequivocally condemned by the international community;
22. Reaffirm their strong commitment to the promotion and protection of the rights of women through the guarantee of equal participation in the political, social, economic and cultural concerns of society, and the eradication of all forms of discrimination and of gender-based violence against women;
23. Recognize the rights of the child to enjoy special protection and to be afforded the opportunities and facilities to develop physically, mentally, morally, spiritually and socially in healthy and normal manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity;
24. Welcome the important role played by national institutions in the genuine and constructive promotion of human rights and believe that the conceptualization and eventual establishment of institutions are best left for the States to decide;
25. Acknowledge the importance of cooperation and dialogue between governments and non-governmental organizations on the basis of shared values as well as mutual respect and understanding in the promotion of human rights, and encourage the non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council to contribute positively to this process in accordance with Council resolution 1296 (XLIV);
26. Reiterate the need to explore the possibilities of establishing regional arrangements for the promotion and protection of human rights in Asia;
27. Reiterate further the need to explore ways to generate international cooperation and financial support for education and training in the field of human rights at the national level and for the establishment of national infrastructures to promote and protect human rights if requested by States;
28. Emphasize the necessity to rationalize the United Nations human rights mechanism in order to enhance its effectiveness and efficiency to ensure avoidance of the duplication of work that exists between the treaty bodies, the Sub-Commission of Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities and the Commission on Human Rights, as well as the need to avoid the multiplicity of parallel mechanisms;
29. Stress the importance of strengthening the Untied Nations Centre for Human Rights with the necessary resources to enable it to provide a wide range of advisory services and technical assistance programmes in the promotion of human rights to requesting States in a timely and effective manner, as well as to enable it to finance adequately other activities in the field of human rights authorized by competent bodies; in the field of human rights authorized by competent bodies;
30. Call for increased representation of the developing countries in the Centre for Human Rights.
Sources:
1.http://www.hrol.org/Documents/RegionalDocs/2012-11/60.html
2.http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/chinese/A2.html
3.https://www.coutinho.nl/mrm/705.htm